What is a digital nomad? Definition and taxonomy in the era of mainstream remote work. (Special Issue: Leisure, knowledge work and the digital nomadism.)

Digital nomadism gradually expanded during the 2010s. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work (a prerequisite to digital nomadism), suddenly became mainstream. In this new context the term digital nomadism is increasingly used in ways that are broader or different to its original conception. This paper reviews scientific literature and draws on the author's ethnographic fieldwork to create an updated classification of contemporary digital nomadism that acknowledges the broad spectrum of individuals, groups, communities, identities, and imaginaries labelled with the term digital nomad. The paper updates the definition of digital nomadism and provides a new taxonomy which subdivides the digital nomad model into five distinct types: freelance digital nomads;digital nomad business owners;salaried digital nomads;experimental digital nomads and armchair digital nomads. It also proposes that six key variable themes should be applied to these classifications. These are: autonomy over mobility;homebase practices;domestic vs. transnational travel;legal legitimacy;work-life balance and coworking space usage. The taxonomy and the variable themes are proposed as a roadmap for future research and as a tool so researchers and policymakers can more accurately evaluate real-world examples of digital nomad context, motivation, practice, and impact.

Can Students with Dyslexia Learn Independently? A Seven-Week Study of Chinese Character Learning in an Informal Learning Environment

Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that affects primary school students, which is difficult to tackle through traditional school learning due to limited resources. To this end, large-scale digital learning presents new opportunities to address the need for inclusive education. A unique challenge for students with dyslexia in Hong Kong is learning Chinese characters. In this paper, we investigate whether students with dyslexia can learn the writing of Chinese characters independently in an informal learning environment. For that purpose, we developed a mobile application for learning to write Chinese characters with three different writing conditions. First, students learn new Chinese characters in Condition 1: Grid+Contour+Instruction. Then, students strengthen their memory of the learned Chinese characters in Condition 2: Grid+Contour. Finally, students retrieve the memory of the learned Chinese characters in Condition 3: Grid Only. Students with dyslexia demonstrated a significant improvement after practicing with the three-condition design. For example, they wrote much slower than students without dyslexia before the study but caught up over time. This study contributes an approach to facilitate the self-paced learning of students with dyslexia at scale. IEEE

The Role of Collaborative Resource Sharing in Supply Chain Recovery During Disruptions: A Systematic Literature Review

The COVID-19 crisis has attracted attention worldwide to supply chain disruptions and resilience. Several supply chain risk management approaches have been revisited or reapplied in the literature;however, collaborative resource sharing is less researched. This study aimed to investigate the current academic state of the art and advances in using collaborative resource sharing as a reactive method to facilitate supply chain recovery in the presence of disruptive events. More specifically we considered the role of different collaborative resource-sharing strategies that organizations can adopt to support supply chain functionalities during times of disruption. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to analyze academic articles that were published online from 2000 to 2022. In order to analyze the literature, we adopted a combination of text-mining, automatic and manual categorization of selected articles, and exploratory analyses such as cluster analysis and relational indicators. We also consider the machine learning classification algorithm i.e. agglomerative hierarchical clustering for the categorization of clusters. The findings show that, for disruptive risks, collaborative sharing of labour and material resources is effective for the recovery of supply chains. More so, labour resources tend to contribute more to the recovery of supply chains through the physical and mental recreation of recovery activities and experiences. Whilst information resources and a mix of information and material resources are highly important in reducing the impact of COVID-19 disruptive supply chain risk. In conclusion, collaborating on the three resources, namely labour, material, and information resources can be an effective post-disruption recovery strategy for supply chains.

What Quality Control Mechanisms do We Need for High-Quality Crowd Work?

Crowd sourcing and human computation has slowly become a mainstay for many application areas that seek to leverage the crowd in the development of high quality datasets, annotations, and problem solving beyond the reach of current AI solutions. One of the major challenges to the domain is ensuring high-quality and diligent work. In response, the literature has seen a large number of quality control mechanisms each voicing (sometimes domain-specific) benefits and advantages when deployed in largescale human computation projects. This creates a complex design space for practitioners: it is not always clear which mechanism(s) to use for maximal quality control. In this article, we argue that this decision is perhaps overinflated and that provided there is "some kind" of quality control that this obviously known to crowd workers this is sufficient for "high-quality" solutions. To evidence this, and provide a basis for discussion, we undertake two experiments where we explore the relationship between task design, task complexity, quality control and solution quality. We do this with tasks from natural language processing, and image recognition of varying complexity. We illustrate that minimal quality control is enough to repel constantly underperforming contributors and that this is constant across tasks of varying complexity and formats. Our key takeaway: quality control is necessary, but seemingly not how it is implemented.

Quantum Machine Learning Applications in the Biomedical Domain: A Systematic Review

Quantum technologies have become powerful tools for a wide range of application disciplines, which tend to range from chemistry to agriculture, natural language processing, and healthcare due to exponentially growing computational power and advancement in machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, the processing of classical data and machine learning algorithms in the quantum domain has given rise to an emerging field like quantum machine learning. Recently, quantum machine learning has become quite a challenging field in the case of healthcare applications. As a result, quantum machine learning has become a common and effective technique for data processing and classification across a wide range of domains. Consequently, quantum machine learning is the most commonly used application of quantum computing. The main objective of this work is to present a brief overview of current state-of-the-art published articles between 2013 and 2021 to identify, analyze, and classify the different QML algorithms and applications in the biomedical field. Furthermore, the approach adheres to the requirements for conducting systematic literature review techniques such as research questions and quality metrics of the articles. Initially, we discovered 3149 articles, excluded the 2847 papers, and read the 121 full papers. Therefore, this research compiled 30 articles that comply with the quantum machine learning models and quantum circuits using biomedical data. Eventually, this article provides a broad overview of quantum machine learning limitations and future prospects.

Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in India

Emergence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants with altered tissue tropism and host range has been reported from different parts of the world. Little is known about the different IBV variants existing and emerging in India. To explore the same, an IBV isolate, namely B17 isolated from backyard chicken in Tamil Nadu was used in the present study. The complete genome of B17 was sequenced and its phylogenetic relationship with the existing vaccine strain genotypes was analysed. The phylogenetic analysis of both S1 gene and complete genome sequence grouped B17 under Mass41 genotype comprising of M41, Beaudette, H120 and H120 variant with bootstrap value of 95-100%. Further, genomic analysis of B17 revealed the possibilities of emergence of the same from H120 vaccine strain through mutations at various genes.

Local health traditions, cultural reflections and ethno-taxonomical information on wild edible fruit yielding medicinal plants in Melur Region of Madurai district, TamilNadu, India

Revitalization of local health traditions (RLHT) has become an inevitable aspect of human wellbeing in the post COVID era. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out to collect information on local health traditions and cultural reflections associate with the age old use of wild edible fruits (WEFs) from common plants in Melur Region of Madurai district, TamilNadu, India as the habit of consuming WEFs is quite common among people in this region and has not been completely abandoned in particular among the age old people. Information presented in this paper has been gathered from local people using an integrated approach of botanical collections, group discussions and interviews with questionnaires during the period from Apr 2021 to Mar 2022. As much as 29 informants were interviewed, among the informants 6 were local health-care practitioners (Vidiyars). Studies on the use of WEFs from common plants in Melur resulted in collection and documentation of information on a total of 34 ethnomedicinal plant species distributed across 20 families. Medicinal plants used by local people are listed with scientific name, family, local name, plant part(s) used, mode of consumption and preparation and medicinal uses. Data collected during the study clearly indicates that fresh parts of the plant (Fruit (Ripe/ Unripe)) were more preferred in general for the preparation of medicinal formulations by the local health practitioners. Documented ethnomedicinal plants were mostly used to cure long term complications associated with diabetics, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, poison bites and nervous disorders. Howsoever, results of this study is clear record to the claim that the local people still depend on medicinal plants to overcome situations like COVID pandemic as fruits from most of the plants documented serve as natural source of immune boosters. Further, in-depth studies (both In-silico and Pre Clinical trials) are expected to bring to limelight the hidden quantum of bioactive compounds in the fruits these medicinal plants and their therapeutic potential.

Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4.

This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta, Cadophora, Celoporthe, Cercospora, Coleophoma, Cytospora, Dendrostoma, Didymella, Endothia, Heterophaeomoniella, Leptosphaerulina, Melampsora, Nigrospora, Pezicula, Phaeomoniella, Pseudocercospora, Pteridopassalora, Zymoseptoria, and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora. This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names. Taxonomic novelties: New genera: Heterophaeomoniella L. Mostert, C.F.J. Spies, Halleen & Gramaje, Pteridopassalora C. Nakash. & Crous; New species: Ascochyta flava Qian Chen & L. Cai, Cadophora domestica L. Mostert, R. van der Merwe, Halleen & Gramaje, Cadophora rotunda L. Mostert, R. van der Merwe, Halleen & Gramaje, Cadophora vinacea J.R. Úrbez-Torres, D.T. O'Gorman & Gramaje, Cadophora vivarii L. Mostert, Havenga, Halleen & Gramaje, Celoporthe foliorum H. Suzuki, Marinc. & M.J. Wingf., Cercospora alyssopsidis M. Bakhshi, Zare & Crous, Dendrostoma elaeocarpi C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, Didymella chlamydospora Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella gei Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella ligulariae Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella qilianensis Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella uniseptata Qian Chen & L. Cai, Endothia cerciana W. Wang. & S.F. Chen, Leptosphaerulina miscanthi Qian Chen & L. Cai, Nigrospora covidalis M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Nigrospora globospora M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Nigrospora philosophiae-doctoris M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Phytophthora transitoria I. Milenkovic, T. Májek & T. Jung, Phytophthora panamensis T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenkovic, Phytophthora variabilis T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenkovic, Pseudocercospora delonicicola C. Nakash., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora farfugii C. Nakash., I. Araki, & Ai Ito, Pseudocercospora hardenbergiae Crous & C. Nakash., Pseudocercospora kenyirana C. Nakash., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora perrottetiae Crous, C. Nakash. & C.Y. Chen, Pseudocercospora platyceriicola C. Nakash., Y. Hatt, L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora stemonicola C. Nakash., Y. Hatt., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora terengganuensis C. Nakash., Y. Hatt., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora xenopunicae Crous & C. Nakash.; New combinations: Heterophaeomoniella pinifoliorum (Hyang B. Lee et al.) L. Mostert, C.F.J. Spies, Halleen & Gramaje, Pseudocercospora pruni-grayanae (Sawada) C. Nakash. & Motohashi., Pseudocercospora togashiana (K. Ito & Tak. Kobay.) C. Nakash. & Tak. Kobay., Pteridopassalora nephrolepidicola (Crous & R.G. Shivas) C. Nakash. & Crous, Pteridopassalora lygodii (Goh & W.H. Hsieh) C. Nakash. & Crous; Typification: Epitypification: Botrytis infestans Mont., Cercospora abeliae Katsuki, Cercospora ceratoniae Pat. & Trab., Cercospora cladrastidis Jacz., Cercospora cryptomeriicola Sawada, Cercospora dalbergiae S.H. Sun, Cercospora ebulicola W. Yamam., Cercospora formosana W. Yamam., Cercospora fukuii W. Yamam., Cercospora glochidionis Sawada, Cercospora ixorana J.M. Yen & Lim, Cercospora liquidambaricola J.M. Yen, Cercospora pancratii Ellis & Everh., Cercospora pini-densiflorae Hori & Nambu, Cercospora profusa Syd. & P. Syd., Cercospora pyracanthae Katsuki, Cercospora horiana Togashi & Katsuki, Cercospora tabernaemontanae Syd. & P. Syd., Cercospora trinidadensis F. Stevens & Solheim, Melampsora laricis-urbanianae Tak. Matsumoto, Melampsora salicis-cupularis Wang, Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae Sawada, Pseudocercospora angiopteridis Goh & W.H. Hsieh, Pseudocercospora basitruncata Crous, Pseudocercospora boehmeriigena U. Braun, Pseudocercospora coprosmae U. Braun & C.F. Hill, Pseudocercospora cratevicola C. Nakash. & U. Braun, Pseudocercospora cymbidiicola U. Braun & C.F. Hill, Pseudocercospora dodonaeae Boesew., Pseudocercospora euphorbiacearum U. Braun, Pseudocercospora lygodii Goh & W.H. Hsieh, Pseudocercospora metrosideri U. Braun, Pseudocercospora paraexosporioides C. Nakash. & U. Braun, Pseudocercospora symploci Katsuki & Tak. Kobay. ex U. Braun & Crous, Septogloeum punctatum Wakef.; Neotypification: Cercospora aleuritis I. Miyake; Lectotypification: Cercospora dalbergiae S.H. Sun, Cercospora formosana W. Yamam., Cercospora fukuii W. Yamam., Cercospora glochidionis Sawada, Cercospora profusa Syd. & P. Syd., Melampsora laricis-urbanianae Tak. Matsumoto, Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae Sawada, Pseudocercospora symploci Katsuki & Tak. Kobay. ex U. Braun & Crous. Citation: Chen Q, Bakhshi M, Balci Y, Broders KD, Cheewangkoon R, Chen SF, Fan XL, Gramaje D, Halleen F, Horta Jung M, Jiang N, Jung T, Májek T, Marincowitz S, Milenkovic T, Mostert L, Nakashima C, Nurul Faziha I, Pan M, Raza M, Scanu B, Spies CFJ, Suhaizan L, Suzuki H, Tian CM, Tomsovský M, Úrbez-Torres JR, Wang W, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Yang Q, Yang X, Zare R, Zhao P, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Crous PW (2022). Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4. Studies in Mycology 101: 417-564. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.06.

Federated Learning Driven Secure Internet of Medical Things

With the outbreak of COVID-19, people are experiencing increasing physical and mental health issues. Therefore, personal daily healthcare and monitoring become vital for our physical and mental well being. As a combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and healthcare services, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has emerged to provide intelligent medical services. However, privacy and security concerns have deterred its wide adoption. In this article, we propose a Federated Learning Driven IoMT (FLDIoMT) framework, which aims to support flexible deployment of IoMT services and address the privacy and security issues at the same time. Also, a systematic workflow of IoMT services is proposed to show an efficient data processing and analysis scheme for specific medical applications. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed FLDIoMT framework by implementing a novel sleep monitoring system called iSmile.

Evolutionary analysis of mammalian ACE2 and the key residues involved in binding to the Spike protein revealed potential SARS-CoV-2 hosts

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) spilled over to humans via wild mammals, entering the host cell using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as receptor through Spike (S) protein binding. While SARS-CoV-2 became fully adapted to humans and globally spread, some mammal species were infected back. The present study evaluated the potential risk of mammals becoming hosts for SARS-CoV-2 through bioinformatics prediction based on ACE2 receptors.

The Drone Scheduling Problem: A Systematic State-of-the-Art Review

Drones are receiving popularity with time due to their advanced mobility. Although they were initially deployed for military purposes, they now have a wide array of applications in various public and private sectors. Further deployment of drones can promote the global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though drones offer a number of advantages, they have limited flying time and weight carrying capacity. Effective drone schedules may assist with overcoming such limitations. Drone scheduling is associated with optimization of drone flight paths and may include other features, such as determination of arrival time at each node, utilization of drones, battery capacity considerations, and battery recharging considerations. A number of studies on drone scheduling have been published over the past years. However, there is a lack of a systematic literature survey that provides a holistic overview of the drone scheduling problem, existing tendencies, main research limitations, and future research needs. Therefore, this study conducts an extensive survey of the scientific literature that assessed drone scheduling. The collected studies are grouped into different categories, including general drone scheduling, drone scheduling for delivery of goods, drone scheduling for monitoring, and drone scheduling with recharge considerations. A detailed review of the collected studies is presented for each of the categories. Representative mathematical models are provided for each category of studies, accompanied by a summary of findings, existing gaps in the state-of-the-art, and future research needs. The outcomes of this research are expected to assist the relevant stakeholders with an effective drone schedule design. IEEE

Special Issue: Viral diseases and natural products: prospects in COVID-19 treatment (part IV). (Special Issue: Viral diseases and natural products: prospects in COVID-19 treatment (part IV).)

This special issue contains 5 articles that discuss dealing with natural products and viral diseases, focusing on the taxonomy, structure of SARS-CoV-2, history, transmission, epidemiology, pathology, clinical features and impacts of COVID-19, a review, based on the publicly available literature, of the knowledge regarding epidemiology, virology, diagnosis, clinical features, pharmacological and therapeutic ways to treat the novel coronavirus, the findings of the natural product-based anti-coronaviral research that has been published during the last two decades, and attempted to provide a comprehensive description of their utility as potential broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral drugs, thereby providing leads that may guide/facilitate anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development studies, and seven known human strains of CoV were analyzed for the host and viral factors responsible for human outbreaks.

Should We Collaborate Electronically? a Strategy to Boost Rural Tourism in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Tourism has a reasonably severe impact due to physical restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the programs responding to this condition is encouraging rural tourism, which has many natural resources. It is considered to be suitable for future tourism models after a reasonably long quarantine period. However, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that make up most businesses in rural tourism will find it challenging to recover independently. It drives collaborations among the SMEs empowered by information technology, which is known as e-collaboration. It requires an e-collaboration model to guide the SMEs to set up and manage their business in rural tourism. Hence, a study is conducted to identify the dimensions and factors of an e-collaboration model. By implementing Kitchenham's Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guidelines, the dimensions represent technological and non-technological aspects. These are strategic, management, social, technology, and innovation. © 2021 IEEE

Metazoan parasites of Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) of river gomti with description of a new species of Acanthocephala raosentis cavasii sp. nov

The growing awareness that biodiversity is a precious global asset to present and future generation and that species's survival and the integrity of habitats and ecosystems are at serious risk, has increased significantly the importance of biodiversity related research. Biodiversity can be defined as the variability among living organism from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystem and the ecological complexes of which they are part;this includes diversity within species between species and of ecosystems. The diversity of life on earth is nearly unimaginable. There is such a wealth of organism that it's a continuous need to keep trace of the diversity and there is always a provision for the discovery of new ones as it is a well-known fact that changing environmental conditions, habitat food and other ecological factors are more than enough to bring out certain definite changes and the accumulation of small changes give rise to a new species. With covid-19 we have seen the damage the diseases can do not only to human health but also to the global economy.By protecting biodiversity in Earth's ecosystem, countries could save lives and money while helping to prevent future pandemics. The present findings add one new species of an acanthocephalan parasite i.e. Raosentis cavasii from fresh water fish Mystus cavasius. It differs from R.thapari in presence of 20 rows of trunk spines instead of 9 rows, in having unequal lemnisci instead of being equal and in their extension upto proboscis receptacle and in the number of hypodermic nuclei 2-3 pairs dorsal and 1 ventral instead of 3 pairs on both sides.

Mário C. C. de Pinna Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Memorial Award for Excellence in Systematic Ichthyology- 2020

Mário C. C. de Pinna, the winner of Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Memorial Award for Excellence in Systematic Ichthyology, is featured. De Pinna's research interests run the gamut of systematic ichthyology, from phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, and biogeography, to theoretical considerations of phylogeny reconstruction, species concepts, the history of comparative biology and its place within the sciences. And his contributions across each of these arenas have been profound and impactful. Indeed, while still a graduate student in the joint City University of New York and American Museum of Natural History program, they published a paper on "Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm," a contribution that has been cited over 1,093 times since its publication and almost two decades later has been cited 90 times in the past five years alone. His professional career began while an undergraduate with a publication on a cave population of Trichomyctems, and in the ensuing years has published over 90 peer-reviewed papers. Most of these have focused on the broad sweep of catfish systematics from the resolution of basal relationships across the order to numerous analyses of the composition and inter- and intrarelationships of individual catfish families and genera.

Is the SARS-cov2 evolved in human being: a prospective genetic analysis

COVID-19 is the deadly respiratory disease of the century caused by new type unknown origin Coronavirus. The recent effort of the word researchers is toward finding the origin of the virus. The current study investigated the extent of molecular similarity and divergence between SARS-CoV2 and other related Coronavirus. An attempt has been made to investigate the epidemiological study of this new contagious virus using molecular biology techniques. The phylogenetic trees for all human coronaviruses with the novel Coronavirus have been built using a several complete amino acid sequences of the four known structural proteins, S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid). The result of the study revealed that the SARS-CoV2 is related to human SARS-CoV isolated from different countries very cloely, especially those strains recovered from China in recent times, 2020. The evolutionary changes observed in the inserted 23 amino acids in the RNA binding domain (RBD) of the coronvirus spike glycoprotein which cannot be detected in any other human coronavirus. Moreover, the 2019-nCoV is not closely related to other alpha, beta and gamma human Coronavirus, including MERS-CoV. The current study concluded that 2019-nCoV is more likely believed to originated from SARS-CoV. The probability is more vital to be originated from the strain isolated in China in 2020, which is coincident with the spraed of COVID-19 in the same country. The phyloepidemiologic analyses suggested that the coronaviruses are circulating in human hosts evolving gradually by times in response to the different environment stimuli facing the virus inside the host in different geographical areas. Furthermore, the analysis showed the flow of transmission, and evolutionary changes of SARS-CoV2 which may be directed from the transmission of SARS-CoV from human to Bat and Pangolin then jumped to human again in the crowded market Wuhan city in China.

Phylogenetic analysis of spike and envelope p roteins for a number of bat coronaviruses for understanding the hypothesis of possible origin for the novel 2019- nCoV

Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) emergence reveals globally a great health issue and due to the limited information and knowledge on the origin of this novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the evolution and analysis of molecular epidemiology for both Spike and Envelope proteins of 20 available complete genome sequences of different bat coronaviruses including 2019-nCoV in order to find out which type of bat coronaviruses is more likely to be the origin of this new 2019-nCoV and also multiple amino acid sequences of Envelope protein for all bat coronaviruses were aligned for the purpose of finding the greater probability of novel 2019-nCoV original host among bat coronaviruses. Phylogenetic tree analysis for Spike protein revealed that all 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses isolated from these species of species are discovered in China and Hong Kong and the Middle East bat are less likely to contribute in spreading or to become the origin of 2019-nCoV and all coronaviruses that from Hong Kong and China are located into one clade next to the clade that contains 2019-nCoV coronaviruses which indicates that this group of coronaviruses are genetically different for 2019-nCoV;moreover, Hong Kong and USA bat coronaviruses does not contain the bat coronavirus from China and are located into one clade far from the clade that contains 2019-nCoV indicates that all coronaviruses are genetically very different from 2019-nCoV, and USA bat coronavirus may has no role in generating of 2019-nCoV. The phylogenetic trees analysis of Envelope protein showed that Envelope protein of different coronaviruses are more similar in comparison to Spike protein, USA bat coronavirus has a relatively closeness relationship to 2019-nCoV. Furthermore, Envelope protein alignment showed the closely related amino acid sequence which confirms that the outcomes of phylogenetic tree analysis in which that these bat coronaviruses have genetically close relationship together and more interestingly amino acid sequence (MG772934.1) shows 100% identity with the amino acid sequence of 2019-nCoV (NC 045512.2) and the same virus has a close relationship in both Spike and Envelope due to that in both phylogenetic tree analysis are neighbored with 2019-nCoV in the same clade.

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a global pandemic

The evolution of COVID-19 across the globe is rapid due to increased mobility which spreads and evolves continuously among human population. Based on phylogenetic analysis the virus is termed as SARS-COV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) which spreads rapidly among human beings. The article focuses on aspects of virus structure, organization of genome, epidemiological characteristics, mode of transmission and global impact of Coronavirus. In addition to this, diagnosis and pharmacological approach, treatment, prevention procedures and vaccines that are currently in use were highlighted.

Bacterial coinfection among coronavirus disease 2019 patient groups: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 raised the attention towards bacterial coinfection and its role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. This study aims to systematically review and identify the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfection in the related articles. A comprehensive search was conducted in international databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, to identify the articles on the prevalence of bacterial coinfections in COIVD-19 patients from 1 December 2019 until 30 December 2020. All observational epidemiological studies that evaluated the prevalence of bacterial coinfections in patients with COVID-19 were included without any restriction. Forty-two studies including a total sample size of 54,695 were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate for the prevalence of bacterial coinfections was 20.97% (95% CI: 15.95-26.46), and the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfections was 5.20% (95% CI: 2.39-8.91) for respiratory subtype and 4.79% (95% CI: 0.11-14.61) for the gastrointestinal subtype. The pooled prevalence for Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and South-East Asia Regional Office was 100% (95% CI: 82.35-100.00) and 2.61% (95% CI: 1.74-3.62). This rate of coinfection poses a great danger towards patients, especially those in critical condition. Although there are multiple complications and adverse effects related to extensive use of antibiotics to treat patients with COVID-19, it seems there is no other option except applying them, and it needs to be done carefully.

QuoVidi: An open-source web application for the organization of large-scale biological treasure hunts.

Learning biology, and in particular systematics, requires learning a substantial amount of specific vocabulary, both for botanical and zoological studies. While crucial, the precise identification of structures serving as evolutionary traits and systematic criteria is not per se a highly motivating task for students. Teaching this in a traditional teaching setting is quite challenging especially with a large crowd of students to be kept engaged. This is even more difficult if, as during the COVID-19 crisis, students are not allowed to access laboratories for hands-on observation on fresh specimens and sometimes restricted to short-range movements outside their home. Here, we present QuoVidi, a new open-source web platform for the organization of large-scale treasure hunts. The platform works as follows: students, organized in teams, receive a list of quests that contain morphologic, ecologic, or systematic terms. They have to first understand the meaning of the quests, then go and find them in the environment. Once they find the organism corresponding to a quest, they upload a geotagged picture of their finding and submit this on the platform. The correctness of each submission is evaluated by the staff. During the COVID-19 lockdown, previously validated pictures were also submitted for evaluation to students that were locked in low-biodiversity areas. From a research perspective, the system enables the creation of large image databases by the students, similar to citizen science projects. Beside the enhanced motivation of students to learn the vocabulary and perform observations on self-found specimens, this system allows instructors to remotely follow and assess the work performed by large numbers of students. The interface is freely available, open-source and customizable. Unlike existing naturalist platforms, allows the educators to fully customize the quests of interest. This enables the creation of multiple teaching scenarios, without being bound to a fixed scope. QuoVidi can be used in other disciplines with adapted quests and we expect it to be of interest in many classroom settings.